The supporting evidence.

Inspect the checks behind the project overview.

Five selected programming patterns have retained execution records. 5 have passing checks whose declared inputs matched at the snapshot date. This is a small part of the family’s capabilities.

Snapshot checked 2026-10-19. Each result keeps its original run date and tested versions. These are retained observations, not fresh tests run by this website.

Independent assembly, independent execution and original-hardware observation are separate claims. A source or requested-tool change requires revalidation; a failed required check remains failed.

Bitmap addressing

Execution verified

ZX Spectrum 48K PAL; DI, uncontended RAM, snapshot entry

49152 pixel coordinates and all declared next-row inputs; dynamic timing probes.

49,152 pixel coordinates
48,896 next-row pixel inputs
3 timing paths
2 rejected mutations

Validation method. Emu198x execution against exhaustive output/timing assertions.

Still outside this result. Other memory contention, ROM/tape loading, variants and original hardware.

Inspect the hosted run · Source and reproduction instructions

Recorded 2026-10-15T12:14:38Z · Linux-6.17.0-1022-azure-x86_64-with-glibc2.39

Versions, hashes and source freshness

Direct tools identified in this run
Tool	Version	Fingerprints
asm198x	asm198x-v0.0.65	Executable SHA-256`a197ded3948455fc990d5e2c888d5011a1ee1f5c4293618841966a5c9fdfdcf6`Archive SHA-256`02cd6c868f100a37d46fe6283927b13583594e620f966c0865f3f0a705f2d20e`
emu198x-spectrum	v0.34.0	Executable SHA-256`6c51b9dd18b17b529994738a9c177da4f759b514f1d74e60f4ccc28959aa4889`Archive SHA-256`dd7d757a61532203eb9e22e2237fa7b436a9dd284c2d019896937ba59671b468`

Observer Python version 3.14.8.

Tested samples revision 163e74e18e9536fb555ef7319fa08bbc1836542b.

Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshotc3cdf6e56e889892abdbd26f66dfd8cb5db34be441f6c6c49b073a0fe51299f4
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot929a109ca24ffea6b0e79d0827e35b7c61bb2fcb0053b0551c96e6575e91ea02
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshotc1d37cfc4bd5db850814581a0f9d92c975834a3d0b7f405740c46c8d2d222eb0

Retained evidence fingerprints
Record	SHA-256
result	`73962f586f9ec0a3f5a31013c5e3dfaba9e3648fc2c974ac68308c51f36eb9dd`
hosted-job	`b867cbfa102a55ad28f2b461ae897832c241d68ad03bc44c4a5fd7e471c4b5ee`
tool-inputs	`0b2895cd189ca85d3254a07cba3949f61843d917c29303a553a37e544b30d96f`

Recorded measurements

{
  "timing_paths": [
    {
      "row": 0,
      "pixel_address_t_states": 117,
      "next_row_t_states": 26
    },
    {
      "row": 7,
      "pixel_address_t_states": 117,
      "next_row_t_states": 65
    },
    {
      "row": 63,
      "pixel_address_t_states": 117,
      "next_row_t_states": 46
    }
  ]
}

Hardware sprites

Execution verified

C64 PAL and NTSC; one single-colour hardware sprite

Twenty engine/model/case captures, independent ACME/VICE comparisons and a missing-X-bit mutation.

20 independent engine/model captures
1 rejected X-bit mutations

Validation method. ACME assembly and fresh VICE execution (PAL/NTSC).

Still outside this result. Sprite DMA timing, other display modes, variants and original hardware.

Inspect the hosted run · Source and reproduction instructions

Recorded 2026-10-15T12:45:13Z · Linux-6.17.0-1022-azure-x86_64-with-glibc2.39

Versions, hashes and source freshness

Direct tools identified in this run
Tool	Version	Fingerprints
asm198x	asm198x-v0.0.65	Executable SHA-256`a197ded3948455fc990d5e2c888d5011a1ee1f5c4293618841966a5c9fdfdcf6`Archive SHA-256`02cd6c868f100a37d46fe6283927b13583594e620f966c0865f3f0a705f2d20e`
emu198x-c64	v0.34.0	Executable SHA-256`7c39b8aab538fe7e05f16ee1d8bf150ddfe8710d823a1955a0125d020fe7421b`Archive SHA-256`59967260d98a7917114d6610eb9d5af117a1d024443359ab3c654fe2de2e874e`

Independent reference tools; stage scope is described above
Tool	Version	Executable SHA-256
ACME	v0.97	`19485b0605ddae23897d07cde5fd05c7e0c40eea530668db0b86e68e9f45c4f8`
VICE	v3.7.1	`e3fafd35e65ed271011cd694790998bfabe20a91b64acf9efe61d50795d5cc1c`

Reference image ghcr.io/code198x/commodore-64@sha256:d8af97adcd85e1cde502c994173a08a9932d6b96236994159f71097eec8676c5.

Observer Python version 3.14.8.

Firmware identities; no firmware is included
File	Bytes	SHA-256
basic.rom	8,192	`89878cea0a268734696de11c4bae593eaaa506465d2029d619c0e0cbccdfa62d`
kernal.rom	8,192	`83c60d47047d7beab8e5b7bf6f67f80daa088b7a6a27de0d7e016f6484042721`
chargen.rom	4,096	`fd0d53b8480e86163ac98998976c72cc58d5dd8eb824ed7b829774e74213b420`
1541.rom	16,384	`326c289c38753323d7e8167897447cf61ef35189d82eb8d75210ece949adda7c`

Tested samples revision 163e74e18e9536fb555ef7319fa08bbc1836542b.

Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot3fcfb14bfe4ed7e3595dd769878e49be25dedbc9f97bba9c754b0d189e9cd70f
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot7eddc16bf3aebc21a127b0d04a958a046f67932412d1ce8f29ffd222d3d8bf81
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot6440692be1e7d29878b9e8311103b3d1d41e495e08d4a0cc6a23740551a7c16e
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot3c4abc0f8b6cbf5ed38a2aa2d645eb0f8ed05bc8fa09225730e9b99aeae1bf45
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot589022dbe37609c612eada0142858990e378bde38f5f10debcc074015f771bef

Retained evidence fingerprints
Record	SHA-256
result	`e4bb9e2f772936a32f731c5d9fbec1aa08e1bd8f473c844c08ef9dbd3018e225`
hosted-job	`b0b3d60c9bf34ecd80bdb245d04cff63a710ec09ced005c87d15eec1425c11dd`
tool-inputs	`ef74186bf73a95919b3f886606864cbe90ec317b677439cafab4ca83c6cc3d97`

Recorded measurements

{
  "captures": [
    {
      "x": 160,
      "seed": 0,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "0ef2d38adb9978fd456d0735da71211a62d8c870d3f928f9f1b23b2c2c8b3293",
      "image_sha256": "013ef650601b2e83a3cca6d0211211e217499df4feacfcab7f44014803cf5baf"
    },
    {
      "x": 160,
      "seed": 0,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "0ef2d38adb9978fd456d0735da71211a62d8c870d3f928f9f1b23b2c2c8b3293",
      "image_sha256": "0c9c5ffca9ec3f202990860d6885c13d782ad9e20b894a5460f7745d4ec86430"
    },
    {
      "x": 160,
      "seed": 0,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "0ef2d38adb9978fd456d0735da71211a62d8c870d3f928f9f1b23b2c2c8b3293",
      "image_sha256": "7583896b2eb637074f4ce77c5a9bbe12b18ecec9db5a6c7d0b1640d4b9f6d2c9"
    },
    {
      "x": 160,
      "seed": 0,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "0ef2d38adb9978fd456d0735da71211a62d8c870d3f928f9f1b23b2c2c8b3293",
      "image_sha256": "a2c6184db7de20d468519cf54e4258a29eabea0e8982cfbce5a66d986dd8479c"
    },
    {
      "x": 24,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "4c28071361c8bb4dfa37104d8ca3c447d7e8b6b0f506f431e427d9b2f6e54721",
      "image_sha256": "9e7967cdce77d3409449a7428dcf6ccafe8aad4a810e0fc724f4cd0cb2ac77c8"
    },
    {
      "x": 24,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "4c28071361c8bb4dfa37104d8ca3c447d7e8b6b0f506f431e427d9b2f6e54721",
      "image_sha256": "cde89fa5ddca084f695edbe5dcab97393f5eb2f8c153ff7746f858ea9259c31c"
    },
    {
      "x": 24,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "4c28071361c8bb4dfa37104d8ca3c447d7e8b6b0f506f431e427d9b2f6e54721",
      "image_sha256": "70e0b3b1f3256f7f5facf0d5419471a8dfa597361177c23dae6a5b62f60b35a5"
    },
    {
      "x": 24,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "4c28071361c8bb4dfa37104d8ca3c447d7e8b6b0f506f431e427d9b2f6e54721",
      "image_sha256": "08d5e473bff10e0df38e1fe780a9c3ab98a0129e52d52be5a0385bc0bbcabcf8"
    },
    {
      "x": 255,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "28a021ee4d006b12a9d8a998a9b8e026f271105b9cce3828345cb6aae5bad289",
      "image_sha256": "2d712484a40237607fbbc573042540e8aaf11c5eebdf24b802bfcbe38667de77"
    },
    {
      "x": 255,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "28a021ee4d006b12a9d8a998a9b8e026f271105b9cce3828345cb6aae5bad289",
      "image_sha256": "837c969619297294f0738b376b0c64448aa354e397d38a237353f084210a0913"
    },
    {
      "x": 255,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "28a021ee4d006b12a9d8a998a9b8e026f271105b9cce3828345cb6aae5bad289",
      "image_sha256": "f94048ee869d5d43e05d2820e3396e6475caf1796d972ba8763e5a113da581ed"
    },
    {
      "x": 255,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "28a021ee4d006b12a9d8a998a9b8e026f271105b9cce3828345cb6aae5bad289",
      "image_sha256": "7bcf1472aa9207612b1588be57d1a7f93ac25f721f466f0dc9da83d61c3ccac2"
    },
    {
      "x": 256,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "aebec2b992d84517b746793d8d7f18cd68550882ece72acfb502dd4ca23b2128",
      "image_sha256": "02ad4fc758121cfca8d753ff038fd217068498f6523ac8d44b96743fac87aa82"
    },
    {
      "x": 256,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "aebec2b992d84517b746793d8d7f18cd68550882ece72acfb502dd4ca23b2128",
      "image_sha256": "10f350359a48e915e4bd783b8e5f853715d307472de8fa3a235df939be74f891"
    },
    {
      "x": 256,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "aebec2b992d84517b746793d8d7f18cd68550882ece72acfb502dd4ca23b2128",
      "image_sha256": "a87388e467f94856b0b3c8defadceeefea2a5ac00f658a8124ec76c4f197df20"
    },
    {
      "x": 256,
      "seed": 170,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "aebec2b992d84517b746793d8d7f18cd68550882ece72acfb502dd4ca23b2128",
      "image_sha256": "8a47f6813d044e2aaa5f38d12890667874f3f5f841bc4beb3268c5fb648629b0"
    },
    {
      "x": 296,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "8de76d1b581ed02a80c55c7ac84f7a09f35bb0d9a2fc01de6e973bcc82668d8c",
      "image_sha256": "149bac3b0d810bc1a9681a84beefe7bb61e0509d304d595a195530d98cc0179e"
    },
    {
      "x": 296,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "pal",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "8de76d1b581ed02a80c55c7ac84f7a09f35bb0d9a2fc01de6e973bcc82668d8c",
      "image_sha256": "f0531555ac68e12d6a52435e748d9d3e709cb947d20f2009c9a623f6d4e5e52c"
    },
    {
      "x": 296,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "emu",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "8de76d1b581ed02a80c55c7ac84f7a09f35bb0d9a2fc01de6e973bcc82668d8c",
      "image_sha256": "8cb6c850f467f73ad0ff4471f82809cb40005e60a4b96443e111a01c1e533a35"
    },
    {
      "x": 296,
      "seed": 84,
      "engine": "vice",
      "model": "ntsc",
      "lit_pixels": 144,
      "prg_sha256": "8de76d1b581ed02a80c55c7ac84f7a09f35bb0d9a2fc01de6e973bcc82668d8c",
      "image_sha256": "9be1e08dd8c9701410e88e237358698d5bab702267d229c12b788f9d8e89f993"
    }
  ]
}

Square wave

Execution verified

NES NTSC, NROM, rendering off; pulse 1

Seven audio cases, CPU status reads, pitch/duration and deliberately incorrect WAV-header checks.

7 pulse-audio cases
2 rejected WAV-header controls

Validation method. Emu198x execution and captured-PCM assertions.

Still outside this result. PAL/Dendy, other mappers/channels, listening and original hardware.

Inspect the hosted run · Source and reproduction instructions

Recorded 2026-10-15T12:14:41Z · Linux-6.17.0-1022-azure-x86_64-with-glibc2.39

Versions, hashes and source freshness

Direct tools identified in this run
Tool	Version	Fingerprints
asm198x	asm198x-v0.0.65	Executable SHA-256`a197ded3948455fc990d5e2c888d5011a1ee1f5c4293618841966a5c9fdfdcf6`Archive SHA-256`02cd6c868f100a37d46fe6283927b13583594e620f966c0865f3f0a705f2d20e`
emu198x-nes	v0.34.0	Executable SHA-256`a504d1ed1c83582070b7e3e0a3e0fa7004d256a68875cadfcf5cf03578dc0894`Archive SHA-256`2e29c5bdedd54e361fce571844e8fbb70cc38c0e95dfbac2f086b0cca2021f14`

Observer Python version 3.14.8.

Tested samples revision 163e74e18e9536fb555ef7319fa08bbc1836542b.

Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot03c033550f78a005a4f795e2af4f6cce3b0948ed03fb0df4573c87b9b195a892
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot756b9fbedea88a3638f74a1697ead6aa0e90b41892b69e981c00fb9f36806d48
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot205051fe163302c7a6b1f08f728dcb6702abee8e87bb0141a5dbb0400107ad76

Retained evidence fingerprints
Record	SHA-256
result	`f1c963ffb5c91ddea0bdb0722890d2df0e114618d6dd492edc2b3cd1a71ae248`
hosted-job	`b867cbfa102a55ad28f2b461ae897832c241d68ad03bc44c4a5fd7e471c4b5ee`
tool-inputs	`d0d2b20b98b8c381986b38e7ccff0cc771b8a7c5785bd843a084758126ba4cbe`

Recorded measurements

{
  "audio_cases": [
    {
      "name": "held-a4",
      "timer": 253,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": 440.41,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    },
    {
      "name": "octave",
      "timer": 126,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": 880.82,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    },
    {
      "name": "low-negate-sweep",
      "timer": 1024,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": 109.14,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    },
    {
      "name": "low-sweep-00-mutes",
      "timer": 1024,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": null,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    },
    {
      "name": "timer-below-8-mutes",
      "timer": 7,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": null,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    },
    {
      "name": "load-before-enable",
      "timer": 253,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": null,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    },
    {
      "name": "length-expires",
      "timer": 253,
      "sample_count": 95845,
      "measured_pitch_hz": 440.38,
      "playback_seconds": 1.996771,
      "emulated_seconds": 1.996722
    }
  ]
}

Playing a sample

Execution verified

Amiga A500 OCS PAL; Kickstart 1.3, cold ADF boot

Three pitches, DMA/bitplane cost, interrupts, eight-cycle one-shot and independent vasm assembly.

3 measured tones
8 one-shot cycles
3 synthetic observer tests

Validation method. vasm executable comparison; runtime checks use Emu198x.

Still outside this result. Other models, stereo-jack identity, listening and original hardware.

Inspect the hosted run · Source and reproduction instructions

Recorded 2026-10-15T13:47:18Z · Linux-6.17.0-1022-azure-x86_64-with-glibc2.39

Versions, hashes and source freshness

Direct tools identified in this run
Tool	Version	Fingerprints
asm198x	asm198x-v0.0.65	Executable SHA-256`a197ded3948455fc990d5e2c888d5011a1ee1f5c4293618841966a5c9fdfdcf6`Archive SHA-256`02cd6c868f100a37d46fe6283927b13583594e620f966c0865f3f0a705f2d20e`
build198x	build198x-v0.2.11	Executable SHA-256`f034f1c0030f6639386368b7dbb2b2d8b46578bc8b7ea6cd83f19362d993ce4f`Archive SHA-256`e7f9f26f08d08789874b9208d3287caf6eab92d6eb05412d156817e14ad6f753`
emu198x-amiga	v0.34.1	Executable SHA-256`0d861ea65fcfb702918c7aa9987289e8d52900dc29f1c92a6ee53b9d858f0e8b`Archive SHA-256`712a431b6f1c45d437134307aa841984ee23477e0eb985835ce657774b0a4d33`

Independent reference tools; stage scope is described above
Tool	Version	Executable SHA-256
vasm	v2.0d	`ce81072f06d34987d939d064747d3261ef3d81d8c5655899c9cd8685b2b8768b`

Reference image ghcr.io/code198x/commodore-amiga@sha256:5b51260b96dce5a1c8ce138da201c7d7c65679a0ca90aa5ecd689acdd7d11c17.

Observer Python version 3.14.8.

Firmware identities; no firmware is included
File	Bytes	SHA-256
kickstart-1.3-r34.5.rom	262,144	`ee05862d8102a08436ac4056da7d549db31625c7d47b24dfb7b3c9a5c113ca53`

Tested samples revision 163e74e18e9536fb555ef7319fa08bbc1836542b.

Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshotb65880fa3dcd1a8d0ffda8e7098ea485c8cead877bb91fb9b0aa01d7f6efb368
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshota6c1dcda0cc8e9bc864f44cc8e4795cc9cfbe27bfdd63ecad0f8d4a081b9b8d9
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshotec3a83f1a6ba2836db49fc5fe6c91e8fb951afc7b29414b307724ddf31ba0aee
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot9bf8afa0c427946c25d9a0be28377321d774382cf1e9c229393f9e573b3b5bf5
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshot45e6e41a614f5995dd79bcf8a110d27a9c440bd938402050169531326972bf8b

Retained evidence fingerprints
Record	SHA-256
result	`41d363b68b7af4c99f60bf86b275bc2d54c0ada6bc291384ff812e2947491a6a`
hosted-job	`58a48a2567893cf3b16a705462c27f9671dcd1c4e569ff0c2211d00ad435f9bb`
tool-inputs	`9f03d41f0dddd6d9abb7e8fd4efe57c53ee8eddf8ad3afa529f9a123d502a56b`

Recorded measurements

{
  "measured_tones_hz": [
    522.839,
    1045.664,
    522.832
  ],
  "loop_passes": {
    "loop_passes_no_dma": 44257,
    "loop_passes_four_channels_period_124": 44257,
    "loop_passes_six_lowres_bitplanes_control": 33536
  },
  "first_interrupt_after_enable_cck": 166,
  "request_gaps_cck": [
    6162,
    6792,
    6778,
    6792,
    6778
  ],
  "one_shot_cycles": 8
}

AABB collision

Execution verified

Python integer reference on the host

160000 ordered box comparisons, 64 grid cells, 155 scenes and two rejected mutations.

160,000 ordered box comparisons
155 generated scenes
2 rejected mutations

Validation method. Python implementation checked against an independent pixel oracle.

Still outside this result. Retro CPU execution, fixed-width overflow, timing and arbitrary scene sizes.

Inspect the hosted run · Source and reproduction instructions

Recorded 2026-10-15T12:14:34Z · Python host; operating-system identity not retained in this view

Versions, hashes and source freshness

Direct tools identified in this run
Tool	Version	Fingerprints
Python	3.14.8	Executable identity not recorded

Observer Python version 3.14.8.

Tested samples revision 163e74e18e9536fb555ef7319fa08bbc1836542b.

Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshotf5acdc2de116b716cfb98678f2a18329716a83e03f23450a04714a221ab316ed
Pinned source or observer — matched at snapshotad9a8a66086aac8dae38e85332e47495ddc0c7faf1f4e32d3ceefdc66d6a7766

Retained evidence fingerprints
Record	SHA-256
result	`97e9b6a1272ae132183382b67c1573ff913748d9497f1ad8e0b0e51e0d18d3fd`
hosted-job	`b867cbfa102a55ad28f2b461ae897832c241d68ad03bc44c4a5fd7e471c4b5ee`

Recorded measurements

{
  "narrow_phase_ordered_pairs": 160000,
  "all_grid_cells_checked": 64,
  "scenes_checked": 155,
  "unsupported_integer_boxes_rejected": 8
}

Still to connect

Join the wider system, variant and entry-route evidence.
Record transitive ISA and Format dependencies before qualifying a complete release set.
Re-run affected capabilities when their declared inputs change.

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